自由贸易改革：资本主义发展奇迹分析The Free- Market Innovation Machine:Analyzing the Growth Miracle of Capitalism 下载 pdf 百度网盘 epub 免费 2025 电子版 mobi 在线

Why has capitalism produced economic growth that so vastly dwarfs the growth record of other economic systems, past and present? Why have living standards in countries from America to Germany to Japan risen exponentially over the past century? William Baumol rejects the conventional view that capitalism benefits society through price competition--that is, products and services become less costly as firms vie for consumers. Where most others have seen this as the driving force behind growth, he sees something different--a compound of systematic innovation activity within the firm, an arms race in which no firm in an innovating industry dares to fall behind the others in new products and processes, and inter-firm collaboration in the creation and use of innovations.

While giving price competition due credit, Baumol stresses that large firms use innovation as a prime competitive weapon. However, as he explains it, firms do not wish to risk too much innovation, because it is costly, and can be made obsolete by rival innovation. So firms have split the difference through the sale of technology licenses and participation in technology-sharing compacts that pay huge dividends to the economy as a whole--and thereby made innovation a routine feature of economic life. This process, in Baumol's view, accounts for the unparalleled growth of modern capitalist economies. Drawing on extensive research and years of consulting work for many large global firms, Baumol shows in this original work that the capitalist growth process, at least in societies where the rule of law prevails, comes far closer to the requirements of economic efficiency than is typically understood.

Resounding with rare intellectual force, this book marks a milestone in the comprehension of the accomplishments of our free-market economic system--a new understanding that, suggests the author, promises to benefit many countries that lack the advantages of this immense innovation machine.

Preface

　CHAPTER 1: Introduction: The Engine of Free-Market Growth

PART I: THE CAPITALIST GROWTH MECHANISM

　CHAPTER 2: The Somewhat Optimal Attributes of Capitalist Growth: Oligopolistic Competition and Routinization of Innovation

　CHAPTER 3: Oligopolistic Rivalry and Routinization to Reduce Uncertainty

　CHAPTER 4: Oligopolistic Rivalry and Routine Innovation Spending: Theory of the Engine of Unprecedented Capitalist Growth

　CHAPTER 5: Independent Innovation in History: Productive Entrepreneurship and the Rule of Law 　CHAPTER 6: Voluntary Dissemination of Proprietary Technology: Private Profit, Social Gain 　CHAPTER 7: Oligopolistic Rivalry and Markets for Technology Trading

　CHAPTER 8: Tradeoff: Innovation Incentives versus Benefits to Others (Distributive Externalities) 120 PART II: INTEGRATION OF INNOVATION INTO THE MAINSTREAM OF MICROTHEORY

　CHAPTER 9: Oligopolistic Competition, Pricing, and Recoupment of Innovation Outlays

　CHAPTER 10: Microeconomic Theory of Industrial Organization in the Innovation-Machine Economy 　CHAPTER 11: Recouping Innovation Outlays and Pricing Its Products: Continued

　CHAPTER 12: Models of Optimal Timing of Innovation

　CHAPTER 13: Licensing for Profit: Efficiency Implications

PART III: ON THE MACRODYNAMICS OF CAPITALISM

　CHAPTER 14: Capitalism's Unique Innovation Machine: Historical Evidence

　CHAPTER 15: Macroeconomic Models and Relationships That May Limit Growth

　CHAPTER 16: Feedback: Innovation as a Self-Nourishing Process

Bibliography

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作者介绍：William J. Baumol

　　William J. Baumol is Senior Research Economist and Professor of Economics, Emeritus, at Princeton University and Professor of Economics at New York University. The author, coauthor, or editor of more than thirty books, with translations into more than a dozen languages, Baumol has consulted for some of America's best-known firms. His books include "Microeconomics", " Superfairness", and "Entrepreneurship, Management, and the Structure of Payoffs"; among the books he has coauthored is "Productivity and American Leadership".